Brief Introduction
Cause-and-effect analysis, often called causal analysis, is a kind of cognitive thinking going on every day. It seeks to explain why events occur, or what the outcome or expected results of a chain of happenings might be. Thus analyzing connections of things and reasons behind them serve as a major writing instrument often employed by writers to discuss an idea intelligently; the power of their discussion may lie simply in their ability to develop why something is so.
In the following essay, notice how Anne Roiphe presents a series of interconnected reasons for the current high divorce rate. Note, too, that Roiphe loads her essay with very common expressions to make the discussion more easily understandable to the reader. Contributing also to the ease of understanding is dispersion of metaphoric comparisons throughout the essay to enliven the explanation.
These days so many marriages end in divorce that our most sacred vows no longer ring with truth. “Happily ever after” and “Till death do us apart” are expressions that seem on the way to becoming obsolete[1]. Why has it become so hard for couples to stay together? What goes wrong? What has happened to us that close to one-half of all marriages are destined for the divorce courts? How could we have created a society in which 42 percent of our children will grow up in single-parent homes? If statistics could only measure loneliness, regret, pain, loss of self-confidence and fear of future, the numbers would be beyond quantifying.
Even thought each broken marriage is unique, we can still find the common perils[2], the common causes for marital despair. Each marriage has crisis points and each marriage tests endurance, the capacity for both intimacy and change. Outside pressures such as job loss, illness, infertility[3], trouble with a child, care of aging parents and all the other plagues of life hit marriage the way hurricanes blast our shores. Some marriages survive these storms and others don’t. Marriages fail, however, not simply because of the outside weather but because the inner climate becomes too hot or too cold, too turbulent[4] or too stupefying[5].
When we look at how we choose our partners and what expectation exist at the tender beginnings of romance, some of the reasons for disaster become quite clear. We all select with unconscious accuracy a mate who will recreate with us the emotional patterns of our first homes. Dr. Carl A. Whitaker, a marital therapist and emeritus professor of psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin explains, “From early childhood on, each of us carried models for marriage, femininity, masculinity, motherhood, fatherhood and all the other family roles.” Each of us falls in love with a mate who has qualities of our parents, who will help us rediscover both the psychological happiness and miseries of our past lives. We may think we have found a man unlike Dad, but then he turns to drink or drugs, or loses his job over and over again or sits silently in front of the T.V. just the way Dad did. A man may choose a woman who doesn’t like kids just like his mother or who gambles away the family savings just like his mother. Or he may choose a slender wife who seems unlike his obese[6] mother but then turns out to have other additions that destroy their mutual happiness.
A man and a woman bring to their marriage bed a blended concoction of conscious and unconscious memories of their parents’ lives together. The human way is to compulsively repeat and recreate the patterns of the past. Sigmund Freud so well described the unhappy design that many of us get trapped in: the unmet needs of childhood, the angry feelings left over from frustrations of long ago, the limits of trust and the reoccurrence of old fears. Once an individual senses this entrapment[7], there may follow a yearning[8] to escape, and the result could be a broken, splintered marriage.
Of course people can overcome the habits and attitudes that developed in childhood. We all have hidden strengths and amazing capacities for growth and creative change. Change, however, requires work—observing your part in a rotten pattern, bringing difficulties out into the open—and work runs counter to the basic myth of marriage: “When I wed this person all my problems will be over. I will have achieved success and I will become the center of life of this other person and this person will be my center, and we will mean everything to each other forever.” This myth, which every marriage relies on, is soon exposed. The coming of children, the pulls and tugs of their demands on affection and time, place a considerable strain on that basic myth of meaning everything to each other, of merging together and solving all of life’s problems.
Concern and tension about money take each partner away from the other. Obligations to demanding parents or still-depended-upon parents create further strain. Couples today must also deal with all the cultural changes brought on in recent years by the women’s movement and sexual revolution. The altering of roles and the shifting of responsibilities have been extremely trying for marriages.
These and other realities of life erode the visions of marital bliss the way sandstorms eat at rock and the ocean nibbles away at the dunes. Those euphoric[9], grand feelings that accompany romantic love are really self-delusions, self-hypnotic dreams that enable us to forget a relationship. Real life, failure at work, disappointment, exhaustion, bad smells, bad colds and hard times all puncture the dream and leave us stranded with our mate, with our childhood patterns pushing us this way and that, with our unfulfilled expectations.
The struggle to survive in marriage requires adaptability, flexibility, genuine love and kindness and an imagination strong enough to fell what the other is feeling. Many marriages fall apart because either partner cannot imagine what the other wants or cannot communicate what he or she needs or fells. Anger builds until it erupts into a volcanic burst that buries the marriage in ash.
It is not hard to see, therefore, how essential communication is for a good marriage. A man and a woman must be able to tell each other how they feel and why they feel the way they do; otherwise they will impose on each other roles and actions that lead to further unhappiness. In some cases, the communication patterns of childhood—of not talking, of talking too much, of not listening, of distrust and anger, of withdrawal—spill into the marriage and prevent a healthy exchange of thoughts and feelings. The answer is to set up new patterns of communication and intimacy.
At the same time, however, we must see each other as individuals. “To achieve a balance between separateness and closeness is one of the major psychological tasks of all human beings at every stage of life.” says Dr. Stuart Bartle, a psychiatrist at the New York University Medical Center.
If we sense from our mate a need for too much intimacy, we tend to push him or her away, fearing that we may lose our identities in the merging of marriage. One partner may suffocate the other partner in a childlike dependency.
A good marriage means growing as a couple but also growing as individuals. This isn’t easy. Richard given up his interest in carpentry because his wife, Helen, is jealous of the time he spends away from her. Karen quits her choir group because her husband dislikes the friends she makes there. Each pair clings to each other and are angry with each other as life closes in on them. This kind of marital balance is easily thrown as one or the other pulls away and divorce follows.
Sometimes people pretend that a new partner will solve the old problems. Most often extramarital sex destroys a marriage because it allows an artificial split between the good and the bad—the good is projected on the new partner and the bad is dumped on the heat of the old. Dishonesty, hiding and cheating create walls between men and women. Infidelity is just a symptom of trouble. It is a symbolic complaint, a weapon of revenge, as well as an unraveler of closeness. Infidelity is often that proverbial[10] last straw that sinks the camel to the ground.
All right—marriage has always been difficult. Why then are we seeing so many divorces at this time? Yes, our modern social fabric is thin, and yes the permissiveness of society has created unrealistic expectations and thrown the family into chaos. But divorce is so common because people today are unwilling to exercise the self-discipline that marriage requires. They expect easy joy, like the entertainment on TV, the thrill of a good party.
Marriage takes some kind of sacrifice, not dreadful self-sacrifice of the soul, but some level of compromise. Some of one’s fantasies, some of one’s legitimate desires have to be given up for the value of the marriage itself. “While all marital partners feel shackled at times, it is they who really choose to make the marital ties into confining chains or supporting bonds”, says Dr. Whitaker. Marriage requires sexual, financial and emotional discipline. A man and a woman cannot follow every impulse, cannot allow themselves to stop growing and changing.
Divorce is not an evil act. Sometimes it provides salvation for people who have grown hopelessly apart or were frozen in patterns of pain or mutual unhappiness. Divorce can be, despite its initial devastation, like the first cut of the surgeon’s knife, a step toward new health and a good life. On the other hand, if the partners can stay past the breaking up of the romantic myths into development of real love and intimacy, they have achieved a work as amazing as the greatest cathedrals of the world. Marriages that do not fail but improve, that persist despite imperfections, are not only rare these days but offer a wondrous shelter in which the face of our mutual humanity can safely show itself.
Discussion Topics
1. Discuss some additional causes to the ones Roiphe indicates in text for marriages failing. Why are they also important?
2. If you are married or in a close relationship, how did you choose your mate? If you not married or in a relationship, what qualities would you look for in a mate? Why?
3. In paragraphs 6 and 7, Roiphe mentions “realities of life” that destroy romantic notions of “marital bliss.” What other realities could you add to her list?
4. Paragraph 15 discusses the idea of self-sacrifice in marriage. However, some people insist that for a marriage to survive, each partner must maintain complete integrity, that is, must not be forced into major sacrifices of values of life-styles. What is your opinion of these opposing viewpoints?
Notes
1. obsolete: adj. out-of-date; no longer in use
2. perils: n. dangers
3. infertility: n. the lack of ability to have children
4. turbulent: adj. very chaotic or uneasy
5. stupefying: adj. bewildering
6. obese: adj. very fat, overweight
7. entrapment: n. the act of trapping, sometimes by devious methods
8. yearning: n. a strong desire
9. euphoric: adj. characterized by a feeling of well-being
10. proverbial: adj. relating to a proverb or accepted truth
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